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Monthly Archive for January, 2009
The expression look forward to + ing (and others formed in the same way) often cause learners confusion, because, when studying gerunds and infinitives, they learn that the word to is usually followed by an infinitive:
I want to go.
I need to see you.
I promise to give it to him.
Because of this, learners tend to write/say I look forward to see you, etc. This is incorrect.
The reason for this lies in the fact that the word to can be an infinitive marker (as in the three examples above), but it can also be a preposition. When to is a preposition, it can be followed either by a noun or by the -ing form of the verb:
I look forward to our meeting.
I look forward to meeting you.
Other common expressions that work in the same way are:
Be/get used to
Get round to
Object to
He couldn’t get used to driving on the other side of the road.
He couldn’t get used to the new traffic rules.
I’m not used to getting up so early.
I’m not used to early starts.
I’ll get round to doing it.
I’ll get round to it.
I object to working overtime with no extra pay.
I object to unpaid overtime work.
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Form
There is
There isn’t
Is there?
There are
There aren’t
Are there?
Meaning
We use there is and there are when we want to say that something exists (or does not exist):
There’s a centipede under this stone.
There are two good reasons to do this.
There isn’t any flour in the pantry.
There aren’t any seats available.
Is there any petrol in the car?
Are there any potatoes?
Note that we often use there is and there are with a/an, some and any. A/an go with singular, countable nouns. Some and any go with uncountable and plural nouns. (See more about countable and uncountable nouns). A/an and some are used in the affirmative. Any is used with questions and negative statements:
There is a book on the table.
There is an ant on your leg.
There is some tea in the pot.
There are some tools in the second drawer.
There isn’t any water in the bottle.
There aren’t any eggs in the fridge.
Is there any coffee left?
Are there any tickets for the show?
Note that in informal speech, we often use there is with plural nouns:
There’s some people coming in the front gate.
There’s some biscuits in the tin in the pantry.
We can use there in this way with all tenses:
There was a small boy standing next to the pond.
There have been many attempts to climb the mountain.
There will be many refugees if the war begins.
We cannot use it is in the same way as there is. Whereas there is is used to say that something exists, it is is used for things that people already know about, or that we have already talked about.
There’s a big dog in the garden. It’s a German shepherd.
There is and there are (and their forms in other tenses) can also be used in question tags:
There isn’t any reason for going, is there?
There won’t be too many people, will there?
There was nobody looking, was there?
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